How long can Amazon backend search terms be?

What belongs in backend search terms
UseAvoid
Synonyms buyers actually typeWords already in the title
Spelling variants and abbreviationsCompetitor brand names
Use cases and audiencesSubjective claims like "best"
Regional wordingRepeated terms and commas

Do backend keywords still affect ranking?

Yes. Amazon indexes the field for query matching, but it carries less weight than the title and bullets. It is the right place for synonyms and variants that would make the visible copy unreadable.

Should each slot be filled completely?

Fill the available bytes with distinct, relevant terms only. Padding with repetitions or unrelated words does not add matches and can trigger listing quality warnings.